FRACTONS

FRACTONS

A fraction is a number that can be written in the form of a/b



The number which is written on top of fraction is called Numerator and the bottom is called denominator.

 


(d) Equivalent fractions
- These are two or more fractions that can be simplified to equal lowest fraction.


Fraction can be represented on number lines.

E.g. represent 1/2 on a number line.


Exercise 1
1. (i) Which of the following are;-

(a) Proper fractions
(b) Mixed fractions
(c) Improper fractions

(ii) List four equivalent fractions

 

Four equivalent fractions are;-


2. Write the following fractions in words



3. Write the name of the fraction of the shaded part in figures 1 and figure 2.



1/4=One over four (A quarter), which is a proper fraction.

Comparison of fraction
Fraction can compare by using two methods
(i) Number line
(ii) L.C.M of the denominators


(I) Number line




(II) L.C.M of the denominators





Operations on fractions
Addition and subtraction of fraction.
NOTE:
1. Add the numerator together if each fraction has the same denominator.

2. If the fraction has different denominator, you must find the smallest number that each denominator divides into exactly. (LCM)

3. When adding fractions, do not add the denominator.

Example:
Evaluate the following fractions



Multiplication
NOTE: 1. Before multiplying a number convert mixed number into improper fractions.

2. Multiply the numerators and multiply the denominator.


Dividing fractions
1. When dividing fractions invert the second fraction then multiply the first fraction by the inverted fraction.

Read more »

NUMBERS

NUMBERS

What is numbers?
Numbers are symbols or words which represent quality of something for example in form 1B there are forty four students.

i.e. 44 students

The numbers are represented by symbols called numerals.

Each symbol in a numeral is called a digit.

E.g. in 256 there are three digits which are 2, 5, and 6.

There are ten digits which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Each digit in a numeral has a value called place value.

Example in 316, 6 is called ones and can be written 6x1, 1is called tens and can be written 1x10 and 3 is called hundreds and can be written 3x100.

Therefore 316 can be written as 3x100+1x10+6x1 this form is called expanded form.

The system where numbers are in groups of ten is called base ten numerations or decimal system numeration. The place value of every digit in decimal system numeration is ten times the place value of the next to the right.

Table of place values;

Exercise 1.1

1. Write each of the following numbers in expanded form;-

a. 94=

b. 7019=

c. 50=

d. 303

e. 5003=

f. 500=

g. 999=

h. 5=

i. 5000=



2. Find the place value of the following;-

a. 513 (1)

The place value of 1 is

b. 357999 (5)

The place value of 5 is

c. 50149 (5)

The place value of 5 is

d. 8665 (8)

The place value of 8 is

e. 227 (7)

The place value of 7 is

f. 900412 (4)

The place value of 4 is



3. Write the numerals for each of the following;-

i. 9x100+0x10+1x1

ii. 5x10000+5x1000+5x100+5x10+5x1

iii. 6x100000+8x10000+0x1000+1x100+7x10+0x1

iv. 5x100+0x10+1x1



NATURAL AND WHOLE NUMBERS

Natural numbers

Natural numbers are the ones that begin with 1, 2, 3 to infinity.

They are counting number, they denoted by N

Number line of natural numbers.

Whole numbers

Are the ones that begin by 0, 1, 2, 3, to infinity? They are denoted by W, in a number line.

Even, odd and prime numbers;-

Even;- are natural numbers which are divisible by 2 without remainder.

Example; - 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12.

Odd;- are natural numbers which are not divisible by 2, when they are divided by 2 they give remainder, so the answer is not a natural numbers.

Example; - 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11……………………….

Prime numbers;-

Prime numbers are natural numbers which are divisible by one and by themselves. They are the ones with only two factors.

Example;- 2, 3, 5, 11, 13…………………



Numbers up to one billion

Exercise 1.2

1. For the given numbers below, write down which are;-

a) Even b) Prime c) Odd

9, 12, 15, 17, 25, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71.

2. Write down the prime numbers between 70 and 90.

3. Write down a number which is even and prime.

4. Among the numbers 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13. What is not a prime number?

5. Show even, odd, and prime numbers less than 10 on separate number.

6. (a) Given any point as a number on a number line for N or W. Can you always name another one to the right of it?

7. Given any two points as numbers one after another on a number line for N or W. Can you find the whole numbers between them?

8. Do the points representing N and W on a number line completely fill the number line?

9. How does N differ from W?


More examples

1. Write the following numerals in words;-

a. 72 –Seventy two

b. 10368 – Ten thousand three hundred and sixty eight

c. 1152 – One thousand one hundred and fifty two

d. 144 – One hundred and forty four

e. 57392 – Five hundred and seventy three thousand nine hundred and twenty one

f. 952675 – Nine hundred and fifty two thousand six hundred and seventy five

g. 105,451,225 – One hundred and five million four hundred and fifty one thousand two hundred and twenty five

2. Express the statement in numerals;-

Nine billion eight hundred million and two hundred =9,800,000,200

3. Write down the largest four digit number = 9,999

4. Write down the largest four digit number when the digits are not repeating =9876

5. Write down the smallest three – digit number without using a zero =111

6. Change the order of the digits in 47986 to make;

a. The largest possible number = 98764

b. The smallest possible number = 46789

7. Write down the number with 6 in the hundred place, 9 in the tens place, 0 in the thousands place, 4 in the units place and 3 in the ten thousands place.

30, 694

8. Write down next three counting numbers after 6999.

7000, 7001, 7002

9. Write the numbers in words;-

a. 6054 – Six thousand and fifty four

b. 3,250,000 – Three million two hundred and fifty thousand

c. 106,000 – One hundred and six thousand

d. 100,006 – One hundred thousand and six

e. 205,020 – Two hundred and five thousand and twenty

f. 2,415,982,728 – Two billion, four hundred and fifteen million, nine hundred and eighty two thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight.

10. Write in numerals;-

a. Six hundred seventy five =675

b. Four hundred and five =405

c. Three thousand and sixteen =316

d. Eight thousand and sixteen =8016

e. One hundred thirty seven thousand two hundred and fourteen =137214

f. One million five hundred thousand =1,500,000

g. Two million twenty three =2,000,023

h. Nineteen thousand and forty five =19,045

i. One billion fourteen million two hundred and fifteen thousand =1,014,215,000

Operations with whole numbers;-

These are four operations which are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Addition (plus)(+)

Horizontal addition

E.G. 254+369=623

14796+230+14=15030

Vertical addition

The answer obtained after adding is called sum.

Subtraction (-) (minus);-

Horizontal subtraction

E.g. 2349610 – 1396789 = 952821

129 – 98 =31

Vertical subtraction;-

The answer obtained after subtracting numbers is called Difference.

Multiplication/Times (x)

a x b = c

a = Multiplicant

b = Multiplier

c = Product



There are two types of Multiplication

Horizontal multiplication

E.g. 2486 x 7 = 17402

126 x 8 = 1008



Vertical multiplication

The number that multiples is called multiplier

The number to be multiplied is called multiplicand

The answer obtained after multiplication is called product.


Division (÷)

a ÷ b = c

a = dividend

b = divisor

c = quotient

Short division



Long or vertical division



The number that divides is called divisor

The number to be divided is called dividend

The answer obtained after division is called Quotient

The left over upon division is called Remainder





Word problems on whole numbers

1. E.g. In a school garden there are four rows of cabbage with 12 in each row, six rows of tomatoes with eight in each row. How many plants of each kind are there?

Solution;-

1row = 12cabbage

4rows = x


X = 12 cabbages x 4 rows

X = 48 cabbages


1row = 8 tomatoes

6rows = x


X = 8 tomatoes x 6rows

X = 48 tomatoes


There are 48 cabbages plants and

48 tomatoes plants


2. Two thousand four hundred shillings are deposited by a teacher each month, how much is this this after two years?

Solution;-

2400 shs = 1 month

1 year = 12 months

2 years = 24 months

2400 shs x 24 months

  576000/=


More examples

1. 324 + 1984

Solution;-

    324

+1984

  2308



2. 28782-2784+294

Solution;-

28782

-2784

25998

+ 294

26292

3. 2479249872

    -944129872

   1535120000


Will the sums of the following be even or odd;-

4. Two numbers which are Odd.

The answer must be even.

5. Two numbers which are even.

Even numbers

6. An odd and even number

Odd numbers

7. Any two odd numbers

Even numbers

8. Use horizontal way to find products in questions;-

1. 128 x 5 =640

2. 195 x 9 =1755

3. 17289 x 2 = 34578

9. Use long multiplication method to evaluate;-

249752 x 8921

Solution;-





10. Find the product and quotient of the following

a) 247 X 100

Solution;-

                247

              x100

                000

              000

        + 247

          24700

b) 4000 ÷ 100

Solution;-



Revision exercise

1. In a school garden there are 4 rows of carrots with 10 in each row.

2. Six students were given 96,000 shillings to share equally. How many shillings did each student get

3. The cost of one kilogram of sugar is 700 shillings and juma buys 8 kgs of sugar. How much did cost him?

4. Richard sold 240 copies of the daily newspaper for 300 shillings each, 198 pieces of the uhuru newspaper for 200 shillings and 6 sports magazine for 500 shillings each. How much did he collect in all?

5. There are 17 streams in a school, each stream has 35 pupils. How many pupils are there in the school?

6. A page of a book has 36 lines. If each line contains 14 words, how many words are these if the book has 250 pages?

7. Jim’s school is 13 km from his home. If he goes to school daily how many kilometers does he travel in 196 days?

8. Each day a school shop collects sh. 75000 from the customers. If the collection was made for eight days and sh. 275000 of the collected money was used to make a fence for the school. How much money was left?

9. A school collects 140 eggs from its poultry farm each day. Each egg costs 80shillings. How much money per day does the school earn in selling the eggs?

10. A school of 900 students has decided to make uniforms for each student. If a shirt and a pair of trousers need 2 m and 1.5 m respective, how much of each material of cloth will the school need so as to give uniforms to all students?

SOLUTIONS

Qn 1.

4 rows @ 10 plants

4 x10 = Total plants

40

There are 40 carrot plants.

Qn 2.

6 students = 96000 shillings

96000 ÷ 6 =16000

Each student got 16000shs

Qn 3.

1kg = 700shs

Juma buys 8 kgs

700 x 8= 5600

It costed him 5600/=

Qn 4.

240 x 300 =72000

198 x 200 =39600

6 x 500 =3000

72000 + 39600 + 3000 =114600

He got 114,600/=

Qn 5.

17 streams x 35 pupils

17 x 35 = 595

Therefore the total number of pupils in the school is 595.

Qn 6.

36 lines x 14 words

36 x 14 = 504 x 250 pages

126,000 words

Qn 7.

1 day = 26 km

196 days = ? km

196 x 26 =?

5096 kms

He travel 5096 km

Qn 8.

8 days = 75000 x 8

600,000/=

600,000

-275,000

325,000

325,000/= was left.

Qn 9.

Each egg costs = 80 shillings

Each day 140 eggs

We multiply 140 x 80

=112000

The school earns 112000 each day

Qn 10.

900 x 2 m = 1800m

900 x 1.5 = 1350m

The school will need 1800m and 1350m respectively.

ORDER OF OPERATIONS

The order of priority is often given by the word BODMAS to mean

B rackets

O rders

M ultiplication

A ddition

S ubtraction

So first perform any operation in brackets, then any use of orders division or multiplication followed by addition or subtraction.

Example; evaluate the following

a. 12 + 4 x 2 = 12 + (4 x 2) = 12 + 8 = 20

b. 20 ÷ 2 + 3 = (20 ÷ 2) + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13

c. 4 x 3 + 7 x 2 = (4 x 3) + (7 x 2) =12 + 14 =26

1:4 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES OF NUMBERS

When a number divides exactly into another number, it is called a factor of a second number.

The second number is called a multiple of the first numbers.

Example; 16 ÷ 8 = 2 so 2 is the factor of 16 and 16 is the multiple of 2. Other factors of 16 are 8, 4, 1 and 16.

In general one (1) is a factor of every number and each number is a factor of itself.

- Factors of a number are numbers less than the given number.

- Factors are finite, and divisors of the given number.

- Multiple are number greater than the given number.

- They are infinite and dividend of a particular number.

E.g. factors of 36 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 36

Multiple of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 243, 729………………



PRIME FACTORIZATION

Is the process of writing numbers using their prime factors we use the short division in writing/factorization.

E.g. write the following as the product of their prime factors.



THE LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLES (LCM)

LCM is the short form of lowest or least common multiple.

E.g. 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 …………

3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 ……………………..

Common multiples are = (6, 12, 18 and 24)

LCM = 6

E.g. find the lowest common multiples of 9, 18, 24

Soln

9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108, 117, 126……….

18 = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180, 198………………

27 = 27, 54, 81, 198, 135, 162, 189…………………………………

Common multiples are = {54, 108….}

The least common multiples = 54.


PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS

There are five properties of whole numbers.

1. Closure property (law)

When two or more whole numbers are operated by adding or multiplying the answer is also a whole numbers.

That is if a and b are whole numbers. Then a + b = c. c is also a whole number. a x b = d d is also a whole number.

E.g. 4 + 6 = 10

3 + 5 = 15

2. Commutative property

If a and b are whole numbers.

Then (i) a + b = b + a

(ii) a x b = b x a

E.g. 3 + 4 = 7

4 + 3 = 7

Implies: 3 + 4 = 4 + 3

a + b = b + a



9 x 6 = 54

6 x 9 = 54

a x b = b x a

3. Association property

If a + b & c are whole number.

Then (i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)

(ii) (a x b) c = a (b x c)

e.g. (2 + 3) + 4 = 5 + 4 = 9

2 + (3 + 4) = 2 + 7 =9

Implies: (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4)

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)



e.g. (4 x 2) x 5 = 8 x 5 = 40

4 x (2 x 5) = 4 x 10 = 40

Implies: (4 x 2) x 5 = 4 x (2 x 5)

(a x b) c = a (b x c)

4. Distributive property

If a, b and c are whole numbers, then

a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)

E.g. 4 x (6 + 9) = 4 x 15 = 60

4 x (6 + 9) = (4 x 6) + (4 x 9)

= 24 + 36

= 60

5. Identity property

If a is a whole number,

Then (i) a + 0 = 0 + a = a

0 is called an identity of addition

(ii) a x 1 = 1 x a = a

1 is called and identity of multiplication.



Exercise 1:5

1. Match the property in group A and group B then name the property

Group A

(a) 2 + (3 + 5)

(b) 1 + (2 + 3)

(c) 2 + (2 + 1)

(d) 4 + (3 + 5)

(e) 1 + (1 + 3)

(f) 8 + (4 + 4)

(g) (1 + 3) + 1



Group B

(h) (2 + 3) + 5

(i) (2 + 2) + 1

(j) (8 + 4) + 4

(k) (1 + 2) + 3

(l) (3 + 5) + 4

(m) (1 + 1) + 3

(n) 1 + (1 + 3)



Solution

a and h have associative property

b and k have commutative property

c and l have associative property

e and m have commutative property

f and j have associative property

g and n have commutative property



2. By using properties of whole numbers given reasons why each of the following two expressions are equal

(a) 5 + (6 + 7) = (7 + 6) +5

- The answer to the two expressions will be the same because the numbers have commuted.

(b) (8 + 3) + 4 = 8 + (4 + 3)

- When you solve this you will get the same answer because of the exchange of the numbers.

(c) 5 + (2 + 1) = 1 + (3 + 2)

- In this expression, we have seen that they are two different expressions so you cannot get the same answer from the two.

(d) (5 + 3) + 2 = 3 + (2 + 5)

- In this two expression you can get the same answer because only the position of numbers and brackets as the one that has changed.



3. Telling / writing equal expressions;

(a) 2 x (5 x 3) = (2 x 5) x 3 – associative property

(b) 4 x (3 x 5) = (4 x 3) x 5 – associative property

(c) 2 x (4 x 7) = 7 x (2 x 4) – associative property

(d) 3 x (2 x 2) = 3 x (2 x 2) x 3 – commutative property

(e) (3 x 2) x 6 = 16 x (2 x 2) – commutative property

(f) (3 x 2) x 3 = (2 x 3) x 3 – commutative property

4. Why is it permitted to write 3 x 2 x 5 x 9 without any brackets?

Because even if they are written without brackets they don’t destroy the meaning of the question / statement.



5. Express each of the following in the form of (a x b) + (a x c)

(a) 2 x (3 + 5)

= (2 x 3) + (2 x 5)



(b) 4 x (3 + 10)

= (4 x 3) + (4 x 10)



(c) 2 x (3 + 7)

= (2 x 3) + (2 x 7)



(d) 4 x (3 + 1)

= (4 x 3) + (4 x 1)



6. Express each of the following in the form a x (b + c)

(a) (2 x 5) + (2 x 3)

= 2 x (5 + 3)



(b) (5 x 3) + (5 x 7)

= 5 x (3 + 7)

(c) (2 x 1) + (2 x 3)

= 2 x (1 + 3)



(d) (7 x 3) + (7 x 1)

= 7 x (3 + 1)



7. Calculate the following;

(a) 14 x 5 + 16 – 4 =82

(b) 36 x 72 ÷ 4 = 648

(c) (144 + 20) x 48 + 4 ÷ 2 = 7872

(d) 24 x (10 + 54) + 8 = 192



1:5 INTEGERS

The integers are whole numbers from negative infinity to positive infinity.

They are denoted by Z.

The order of the size of the number 1, 2, 3, 4…… can be represented as points on a number line.

Starting from 0 to the right and other numbers from 0 to the left

Number line for Z


If we want to know which number is larger than the other we have to consider which one is to the right or left?

Consider the following




E.g. write down all the integers between – 5 and 4



Solution








Operation with integers

Integers can be operated using number lines except for division

Addition of integers

RULE 1: To add a negative integer you move to the left on the number line.

Example

-2 + -5 = -7

Start at -2 move 5 steps to the left or star at 0 move 2 steps to the left then -5 steps to the left



RULE 2: To add a positive integer you move to right on number line.

Example





Subtraction of integers

Subtraction of positive integers gives the same result as addition of integers.

RULE 1: To subtract a positive integer you move to the left on the number line.







Multiplication

The rules for multiplying are as follows



NOTE: The results are similar to the rules of multiplication.

Example

-36 ÷ 6 = -6

24 ÷ 6 = +4

24 ÷ -6 = -4

-24 ÷ 6 = -4

-24 ÷ -6 = 4

Read more »

PROPER BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING

PROPER BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING

Behavior is the way a person does things in particular situation.A person behavior can change due to his or her mood,place or the person he or she is dealing with for example.

1. Mood,when person is happy,he or she behaves differently from the way he or she behave when angry or sad.

2. Place, a student in the classroom behaves differently from the or she behave in the pay-ground.

3. Persons one is dealing with, a student behave differently when dealing with fellow student or friends,teachers,parents,relatives or strangers.

There are two major types of behavior these are:-

1. Proper behavior ,also known as good behavior.

2. Improper behavior also known as bad behavior.

PROPER BEHAVIOR.
This is behavior which is an acceptable to the society.Example of such as behavior includes honesty,love ,kindness,obedience,sympathy and co-operation.

These types of behavior may originate from various places in the society;these include;

1. Parents, good parents guide their children to wards proper wards proper behavior.

2. Mass media, radio,television,news paper and other types of media have programmers or articles which teach people good behavior.

3. Proper education, people who get proper formal as well as informal education usually have good behavior.

4. Good friends

5. Religious teaching.

ELEMENT OF PROPER BEHAVIOR.
1. Respect for parents,relatives and other people

2. Use of proper language,this means not using abusive language.

3. Taking part in community activities suc as minerals,wedding and environment conservation.

4. Proper dressing,dressing which is socially acceptable.

5. Working hard

6. Helping others.

Importance of behaving properly.

The following are some of the benefits of proper behavior in society.

The members of the –benefits of proper behavior in society.

1. There is unity,peace and harmony in the society.

2. The members of the society are helpful and co-operative with each other.

3. Everyone in the society is free to exercise their right and fulfill their responsibilities.

4. There is development and prosperity in the society as people work hard.

IMPROPER BEHAVIOR.
This is behavior which is not acceptable in the society.Example of improper behavior include:-

1. Use of abusive language

2. Prostitution

3. Taking illicit drugs

4. Laziness

5. Fighting

6. Stealing and robbery

7. Causing trouble and disturbing

8. Disrespect for school rules

9. Disrespect for parents,elders and relatives

10. Arrogance is being rude because one feat that he or she is more important.

Improper behavior can be a result of many factors some of these factors are:-

1. Lack of parental care and guidance, parents do not spend enough time with their children to know their problems.

2. Mass,media Television ,radio the inter not and news papers play a great role in changing people’s behavior.Some of the programmers and articles expose young people to violence prostitution and other social evils.

3. Poverty, some people may be forced to engage in bad habits because of their poor economics status.For-example ,they may steal or engage in prostitution to earn money.

4. Drunkenness, drinking alcohol excessively can make someone lose control of his or her action,resulting in improper behavior.

5. Lack of proper education, education is an important tool in changing bad behavior.

6. Friends, some friends are not good.They can be lead one in to truancy use of abuse language,drugs prostitution and absence from school.

Some friends are not good.They can lead one in to truancy use of abuse language,drugs prostitution and absence from school.

Consequences of improper behavior.

Improper behavior may rescue in bad consequence some of the are:-

1. Spread of HIV and AIDS due to prostitution and sharing of needle for injecting drugs.

2. Crimes such as robbery and rape.

3. Social problems such as drug abuse,homosexuality and corruption.

4. Family problems such as lack as lack of food,unwanted pregnancies and early mirage.

5. Poverty,when people do not work and therefore do not produce wealth.

6. Lawlessness in the society people does not respect each others.

HOW TO CONTROL IMPROPER BEHAVIOR.

Several measure can be taken to control improper behavior some of these measure are:-

1. Mass education on good behavior among members of the society.

2. Parent need to be closer to their children and spend quality time them counseling and guiding them.

3. People who belong to different faiths should adhere to their religious teaching on good behavior.

4. The government should enforce the existing law to cur anti-social behavior.

5. The importation pornographic material should be banned.

6. School and college should educate young people on how to behave properly in the society.

7. The government should ensure all children get formal education,parent should be encouraged to make their children to school.

RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING

A decision is the choice which an individual makes after thinking through different option in a given situation.

Decision making is one way of solving problems responsible decision –making involves making.

A choice after carefully considering all the option available and using particular creative to make the best choice.

IMPORTANCE OF RESPONSIBLE DECISION MAKING.

Decision making is important for the following.

1. It builds a sensor of commitment when members of the society are involved in making decision that affects them.

2. It facilitates proper utilization of available resources.

3. It ensures as sense of equality;this is due to the equal participation of members in decision in making.

4. It ensure efficiency because members of the society make decision on that concern them.

5. It creates a sense of collective responsibility in carrying out tasks and making policies.

6. It encourages a person to achieve what he or she planned to do

Read more »

WORK.

WORK.

Work is any lawful activity that a person does earn a living.People work to produce good and service.People must participate activities that will improve their living standard as well as develop the nation.

WORK RELATED ACTIVITIES.
Work related activities can be physical mental .Members of the society engage in activities according to their abilities and knowledge.

The following are some of the activities which different people in the society.

IMPORTANCE OF WORK. 

WORK FOR SELF DEVELOPMENT.
1. We get our basic needs from working.To get food ,clothes and shelter.

2. Work improves the economic position of a family and a nation.

3. Work keeps people busy. They do not have time to engage in criminal activities.

4. Work as an identify in the society.They identity each other as judge,carpenters,photographers,engineers.

5. Work brings respects a person who work hard is respected in the society.

6. Work makes people innovative.They come up with solutions to problems.

7. Work is the basic for human life.

WORK FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
National development
Refer to the improvement in the life of the people in a country .When the people in a country work hard ,increase the country production.

This makes economy grow .Work involves the lives of people by producing good and service.
· Work in enables people to pay taxes to the government

· Work enables the government to provide social services such as health care,education and security.

· Work enable government engage in development projects such as building road and industries.

Read more »

ROAD SAFETY.

ROAD SAFETY.

Road are the hard surface built for vehicle to travel on.

The are three types of road in Tanzania.

1. Earth road

2. Grave road

3. Tamar road.

Road sign are also known as traffic sign these are sign these are sign near the road that information or instruction to road user.Road sign carry message for road user through symbols,shape and colour where road user are likes.motorist ,cyclist and pedestrian.Therefore symbols are sign which give message ,order,information,or direction and temporary condition.The following are the types of road sign which are 1, warning 2, order 3, information.

1. Warning ,these sign war the road users of dangerous or unusual condition a head.

2. Order,these sign order the driver to follow the given direction.

3. Information,these sign give information to the road users.

4. Shapes,the three types of road signs are usually enclosed in different shape.They normally help the road user to interpreter the sign.

5. Color, there mainly four colors used with road sign,red (use for stop represent wrong).amber,green,blue.

Green it allow user of the road to go.

Blue in most cases is used for the sign that provide give information.

Importance of road signs.
1. They make road user aware of what is ahead.

2. The direct road user.

3. They minimize accidents.

4. Help road user to use the road safely.

What is an accident?
1. It is any dangerous events which occur in our environment.

2. What is road accidents,are those bad occasions caused by road users while the road.

c. causes of road accidents.

Road accidents have becoming common problem in Tanzania.There are several factors /causes which led to the occurrence of accident there are:-

1. Some drivers are driving while are drunk.

2. Over loading of passengers together with roads .

3. Disobeyed road/traffic sign by road users.

4. Inadequate maintenance of roads (roads are not well constructed).

5. Carelessness/negligence of driver’s eg, high speed.

6. A longtime working of drivers with no resting hours.

7. Most drivers not graduate on that work (ineffective training of drivers ).

8. Carelessness of pedestrians to cross the road and passing livestock in the road.

9. Overconfidence of drivers.

10. Most of vehicles/cars are too hold to carry passengers.

11. Drivers are forced to rush so faster to meet their own income and their employs income.

12. Lack of safely equipment for services eg, fire extinguish ,mechanical safeguards etc.

D.Effects of road accidents.

1. Death ‘s of many people

2. Loss of government income(economic effective).

3. Increase of orphans and widows /widowers.

4. Increase of disable people that are seriously injured.

5. Destruction properties which were carried and road destruction.

E. Ways of preventing road accidents

1. Frequent check up of vehicles including their weight and number of passengers.

2. Road users should be made aware on road rules and adhere to them accordingly.

3. Traffic regulation and law enforcement departments must work efficiently.

4. Alcohol and drugs should be prohibited when driving.

5. Maintenance of roads and put enough road signs.

6. Medical checkup license,physical and mental capabilities for drivers must be investigated.

7. Drivers should get ample time to rest.

8. Punishment and fines for law violators be initiated.

F. How to improve road safety?

Road safety can be improved if the following element will be observed.

Traffic road signs should be observed.

A system of conducting day to day inspection in order to ensure that the vehicles/motor vehicles used are in good order.

Putting clearly defined road traffic signs at a particulars position.

Traffic police should direct vehicles in case of emergency.

G. Road safety to disabled ,children and elders.

Road re used by different people such as pedestrians,cyclists motorists, etc Also children ,disabled and elders have a right to use the road.

1. How to help them to cross the road?

Road safety education should be given to all road users as to avoid accident.

Drive should give them time to cross the road.

Education should be provided to them e.g. they should be taught that always cross the road only where is a zebra crossing or if there no any car coming.

This group should be accompanied when crossing the road a person near him/her should help him/her to cross.

Read more »

FAMILY LIFE.

FAMILY LIFE.

A family is a group of people who are related by blood ,marriage or adoption.Some of the reasons for getting married or companionship and to get children.

COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.

Courtship is a period during which two people get to know one another before they get married.It also appropriate for the preparation for wedding.Courtship enable the two partner to understand each other and to know each families members.

Marriage is the union of a man and a woman as husband and wife.It is a formal and legal between a man and woman,accompanied a wedding ceremony.

IMPORTANCE OF COURTSHIP

Courtship is importance period before marriage because it helps a couplt to:-

1. Develop self discipline an individual may be disqualified by the family of the pontential husband or wife.

2. Know each other,it gives the two partners an opportunity to know each others feelings,altitudes,expectation and other aspect of life before marriage

3. This helps to avoid unnecessary conflicts in the future.

4. Show evidence of maturity,people who intend to get marriage must be mature enough to take care of the family they are due to start.

5. Acquire property,courtship gives a couple times to acquire some basic requirement of life such house and future.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE

Courtship and marriage are closely related. This relation can be seen in the areas.

1. Courtship is the foundation of a good marriage.

2. The courtship period allows the couple to learn important life skill.Forexample one learner how to love and understand his other partners.

3. The two partners decide to get marriage.

4. A good marriage needs a blessing or parents,relative and neighbors.

EARLY OR PREMATURE MARRIAGE
Is the done under 18 years old. The age for marriage in Tanzania is less than that 15-18 years and above considered to be early or premature marriage.

CUSTOMS AND BELIEF THAT ENCOURAGE EARLY MARRIAGE.
Customs are habits that are passed from one generation to another.They include greetings,punctuality and obedience .

Belief are things that are though to be true by a certain community,different society have their customs and belief about marriage.

The following are some customs and belief that may encourage early marriage.

1. Payment of bride price, the parents of a girl receive bride price in terms of cash,livestock or land,this can encourage early marriage because greedy parents may be tempted to forced the young daughters to be married in order to get wealth.

2. Gender discrimination in education,is where a boy give priority over a girl in terms of education;some parents have the wrong belief that educating a girl is west time and money .This encourages early marriage because girls are forced to drop out school in favor of their brother’s.

3. Traditional initiations, traditional practices such as initiation prepare a girl for marriage.This is encourage early marriage because girls is considered woman who is ready to start her own family.

4. Inheritance ,some communities do not allow a boy to inherit property if is not married.This encourages some boys to enter into marriages as a qualification to inherit property.

5. Lack of education,some parents marry off their young daughters due to ignorance.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MARRIAGE.
1. Complication during delivery,Early marriage causes material and infant death in the society this is because reproductive organs of the young girl are enough to support matured to a pregnancy deliver safe.The complication arising during pregnancy and labour most often result in death or permanent damage to the girls’ body.

2. Prevention of young women from continuing, some communities young girls are forcefully removed from school to be married.This interfere with their education and future plains.

3. Increase in poverty, most couples that get married at a young age do not have reliable means of getting income it becomes difficult for them to take care of their children.

4. Spread of HIV and AIDS, very young men and women may not be able to make correct decision on mental matters.They are at high risk of being infected with sexually transmitted disease include HIV and AIDS.

5. Break down of families,very young men and women may lack enough experience, knowledge and tolerance as family problems are concerned .They may not know how to settle their difference and sometimes minor problems lead to separation and divorce.

PREVENTION OF EARLY MARRIAGE
1. Education,the society should education on the dangers of early marriage.

2. Basic sociocultural practice, culture practices-societies should abandon on negative social cultural practices such as female circumcision and gender discrimination.

3. Laws, the government should enact strict laws against early marriages and enforce the existing one the existing one to discourage parents from forcing their children to get married at early age.

4. Poverty alleviation,poverty alleviation strategies should be strengthened.This will help preventing the economic hardship which force poor parents marry off their young girl in order to get bridge price.

FOUNDATION OF A STABLE MARRIAGE.
A stable marriage exists where the couple is united under the rules of marriage.A couple supports love and respect each other.

1. Agreement, the two should also agree on what they expect to achieve in the marriage.

2. Love, marriage partners must have affection for each other.Love is an important component of a stable marriage .

3. Trust, the couple must trust each other.

4. Tolerance and understanding, each partner should exercise to tolerance towards,the weakness of the other.It may not always be possible for one fully agree with the action of the other person.

5. Transparency,marriage partner should be open with each other.It is wrong to keep secrets which may danger the marriage.

TYPES OF FAMILIES.
There are three common types of families these are.

1. Nuclear family, this is family which consists of a father, mother and children.

2. Extended family, this is family which consists of a father,mother,children,grandparents,aunts,uncles,nieces,nephews,cousin and other relatives.

3. Single parent family, single families may result from the death of one partner, divorce or getting children.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY.
A family plays an important role in the community.The reasons why the family is important include.

1. To foster co-operation in the society.

2. The bring up children who will be honest,trust worthy and responsible people in the society.

3. Families promote the development of individual members.

4. Good families act as role models in the society children and youth therefore have models they can copy.

5. Families provide the children with opportunities to be hard workers.

6. Children are taught customs of their society.

FAMILY STABILITY.
A stable family is a one in which peace ,respect love and good behavior are observed.

The following factors contribute to family stability.

1. RESPECT This is situation in which members.The children respect parents and people other.

2. LOVE ,this enable family member to help each other.

3. GOOD BEHAVIOR,a family should live in peace avoid conflicts.

IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY STABILITY.
The following are some of the way in which family stability in important.

1. Family member participate on other social and economic activities.

2. Family members are able to participate in communal activities suc as cleaning up market and planting trees.

3. Peace in country begging at the lowest level of the family.

4. Family stability helps members to enjoy in positive habits and activities and reduces incidences of drug abuse or crime.

5. Children from stable families are likely to start own families in future thereby ensuring the continuity of the family as unit.

RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FAMILY MEMBERS.
Right are things one is allowed to do or that one is entered to.In the family as a unity parent have their right and children also have their right some of the right that parents have are:-

1. Making family decision

2. Guiding and advising their children.

3. Being respected by their children.

4. Teaching their children community value.

Children in the family also have family,this right including.

1. Expressing their opinion.

2. Being treated equally without any kind of discrimination.

3. Being registered after birth and being given name

4. Living with their parents

5. Rest and leisure

6. Getting basic and secondary need like food,education and healthcare.

7. To be protected from injury economic exploitation.

RESPONSIBILITIES.
These are duties that a person is obliged some parental responsibilities are:-

1. Making family decision

2. Providing security for the family.

3. Ensuring discipline is maintained by the children.

4. Providing family requirement such as a food,cloth,shelter and education.

5. Taking charge of the day to day activities of the family.

6. Loving and taking care of the children.

7. Arranging and organizing family activities such as cleanliness and preparation of meal.

8. Counseling their to be well behaved.

Responsibilities of children in the family including.
1. Helping with domestic tasks

2. Respecting parents and elders

3. Taking care of their young brother or sister.

4. Obeying their parents and teachers .

5. Going to school to learn.

Consequence of not carrying out responsibilities.
1. Family instability, children can acquire bad habits and create trouble in the family and in the society.

2. Conflicts, frequent misunderstanding may arise between members of the family.

3. Family breakdown, a family break down if there are frequent misunderstand and parents.

4. Street children, in the absence of peace of family requirements children will not stay at home.They will end in the street.

5. Lack of basic need, if parent do not work hard,children cannot get their basic need as well as other needs.

Read more »

RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN SHIP

RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN SHIP

What is a citizen?
Is a person who belongs to a particular country.

Ø A citizen has full rights as a member of that a country either by birth or by being granted such right.

Ø A citizen of a country is expected to beyond a patriotic to his or her country.

1. What is citizenship

Ø Is the condition of being a citizen of a certain community with the right and duties that go with suc status .

Ø Is the legal right of a person to be belong to a particular or country.

Types a citizenship
1. Citizen by birth

2. CITIZENSHIP BY DESCENT OR KINSHIP

3. Citizenship by regulation on naturalization

4. Citizenship by birth both parents father and mother or marriage

· Citizenship by birth
This is the types of citizenship by being born in country were both parents of the give person reside.

· Citizenship by descent or kinship
A children who is born in Tanzania and one of his or parent parent is a citizen Tanzani.

Citizenship by registration or naturalization.
A person who born outside of Tanzania one of her or his parents is a citizen of Tanzania.However after aged 18 such a person has to apply to the ministry of home affairs.

Citizenship by marriage.
A foreign woman who marries a citizen of Tanzania may register for citizenship. E or she must make an earth promising to be good citizen and to be loyal to the constitution of the centered republic of Tanzania.

IMPORTANCE OF CITIZENSHIP
The importance of citizenship are as follows:-

1. It enable a person to exercise his or her legal right in the country.

2. It allows a person to participate in civic activities such as voting.

3. It enable a person to get service which are granted to get service which are granted to citizen only.

4. A citizen has the right to participate in the political and economic activities of the country.



RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS.
Are the things a person has to perform as a rule.A citizen has to do certain things in the country in which her or she is a citizen.

A. Personal responsibilities.

1. Takes care of himself or herself

2. Behaves in a civil or respectful manner.

3. Considers the rights and interest of others .

4. Accepts responsibility for his or her action.

5. Supports the family.

B. Political duties or responsibilities.

1. Participate in the country civic affair such as attending political meeting

2. Take part in electrons.

3. Take part in building and consolidation democracy.

4. Help to develop public policy.

5. Advocate favorable policies and legislation

6. Acquire and use information in order to make good decision.

C. Social responsibilities.

1. Protect his or her country from its enemies.

2. Promote fairness,equality and social justice.

3. Respect the right of fellow citizen.

4. Obey the law of the country in order for everyone to live in peace and harmony.

D. Economic responsibilities

1. Pay taxes and other statutory payment to the government.

2. Do lawful productive work.

3. Participate in community development activities.

Advantage of fulfill civic responsibilities.

1. Reduce rate of crimes

2. Create peace,harm and love during political ,social ,economic activities.

3. Right of the people are respected.

4. Good living standard.

5. Development.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZEN TO SPECIAL GROUP
1. What is the special group?
Are people with unusual problems that need special care or treatment in he society .Or
Special groups are all people who phase an experience difficult in their environment.Special groups are groups’ people who are disabled and disadvantage due to their problems their need special attention or care (treatment).

Special groups are unable to solve various problems facing them,these problems in thunder physical biological environmental political and problems.

Example of special groups.
In our society (Tanzania in general ) special groups include.

1. Women

2. The elderly

3. The disable

4. Refugees

5. Orphas

6. Street children

7. HIV ,AIDS victims.

Other special groups including youth and albino.

The women.
This group of people in some communities.They are not given equal opportunities to participate in decease makes in their families or at high level .In some community are not given leadership position.In may cases girls were not allow to go to school the women end up fall into forced marriage,early marriage ,forced prostitution in ritualized wife’s and being rapid.This group oof people need support from the community and easing they enjoy their right.

THE ELDERLY.
These are old people .As people age,they become less energetic and may not be able to work as well as young people.As result they cannot,work effectively and earn their daily living .In addition,some disabilities such as poor eyesight and poor muscle control may be caused by old age.Elderly people therefore need special care.

THE DISABLE
This group includes people with mental disabilities ,those with hearing and speech difficulties the blind and physical disturbance.People with disabilities are to be helped in performing different task in respect to their disabilities and need.

THE REFUGEES.
Are people who flee their countries to go and settle in foreign countries because of insecurity in their home countries.The following are some of the reason for the reason for their forced migration.1. Political 2. Civil war 3. Social conflict 4. Drought or famine 5. Religious conflict 6. Economic problems.

STREET CHILDREN.
This is a group of children who stay on the streets as they have no place to live.This could be as a result of various causes such as poverty,abuse by parents or guardian,death of parents and family break up.Due to these reason the children are forced to live on the street with neither parent nor guardians to take care them.They may also engage themselves in labour and drug peddling.

HIV AIDS VICTIM.
These are people who are infected with human immune defecency virus (HIV).The virus attack the white blood cell that protect the human body from infection and disease.

Responsibilities toward special group.
1. Assisting these people by proving material and financial help.

2. Interacting with them at home and community meeting and allowing to express their opinion and feelings.

3. Showing them respect and understanding.

4. Providing education to all depending on their special needs.

5. Supporting them physically ,for example when they are crossing roads.

6. Providing counseling and socialization.

Read more »

HUMAN RIGHTS.

HUMAN RIGHTS.

What is human right?
Are those accepted principle of fairness and justices that all people deserver.Or are individual or group of people against the state..

Are basic things that all human being are entiled to and which nobody should interfere with such as right include right to life ownership of properly,education,marriage etc.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
There are two types of aspects of human rights there are:-
1. Legal rights

2. Moral rights.

LEGAL RIGHTS
Are those rights which are named and defined in the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania and International conversion .

MORAL RIGHTS.
Are those rights which are recognized by a society by way of conscience.They are agreed by a society to be desirable eg. Religious matters.

TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
There are three types oh human rights there are:-
1. Civic and types of human rights there are:-

2. Economic and political rights

3. Environment and development

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS.
· Are these right that very person must enjoy

· The right to life,liberty and security of person

· Freedom from slavery.

· Freedom from torture cruelly in human degrading treatment or punishnment.

· Equality before the low.

· To be tried before competent or skilled lawyer.

· To be considered innocent until proved guilt.

· To be given a fair and public hearing

· Not to be arrested determined or exited an fairly.

· Freedom of movement in his or her country.

· To live any country including his own and to return to it when she/he likes to

· To be protected by the family society and the state.

· To posses property alone

· Freedom of though conscious and religion.

· Freedom to have ones opinions and express one self.

· Freedom to assemble peacefully to associate with other freely.



ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL.
Economically, socially and culturally every person must enjoy the following rights.

· Right to social security and free development of his or her personality.

· The right to work and choose employment

· The right to equal pay for equal work.

· The right to just and favorable remuneration

· The right to form and join trade union.

· The right to form and join trade union

· The right to rest and leisure including reasonable limitation of working hours and period holidays with pay.

· The right to standard of living sufficient for the health and well being ie. Food,clothing,housing,medical care and others.

· The right to education whether born in or out of wedlock to enjoy the some social protection.

· For parents to choose the kind of education shall give to their children.

Environmental and developmental.

Are the rights that people have to live in an environment that is clean and free from pollution.People also have a right to wealth and natural resources ,self –determination and peace.
These

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN OUR SOCIETY.
Human right is the very importance in our society because

1. Are foundations of freedom justice peace and liberty.

2. Limit government powers and action against the people

3. Help people to be aware to take actions against traders who violet their rights.

4. Human right promotes development in their society since it provides equal rights to the people eg right to education.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RIGHTS TO THE PROVISION BASIC NEED.
Human rights relate to many aspects of human life .Among these is the promotion of social services in Tanzania there services are provided by Government and UN.
Example :-
WHO Provides medical services

UNICEF Provides medical services

UNESCO – Provide education

FAO Provide food

WFP Provide food

UNEP (HABITA ) Provided housing living enrolment sanitation

UNIDO Provides various good including clothing.


PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TANZANIA.
Tanzania is a member of UNO promotes both rights and fundamental freedom in the following ways.

1. The constitution is based on the universal declaration of human rights.

2. The right to live guarantees individual person to life no one should take someone life.

3. The right to freedom from slavery,the constitution Tanzania does not allow any form slavery.

4. Freedom from torture or security in human or degrading

5. The right to be recognized everywhere as a person in front of the law.

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE.
What as human right abuse?

Is the unlawful prevention of a person enjoyment of his or her right as outlined in the constitution.

Example of human rights abuse

· F.G.M Female rights abuse

· Raping of women and children

· Killing of old people due to bad tradition.

· Women beating from her husband.

· Child labour.

· Forced marriage.

· Prohibiting women from inheritance

· Corruption

· Invasion of weak countries by biggers countries.

· Idd Amin Dada vs Tanzania.

FACTORS WHICH CAUSE HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE.
· Negligence of the action

· Ignorance of the society concerned

· Selfishness of some individuals who consider only their interests.

Parents can be abuse the right of their children by:-

1. Denying them education

2. Not providing basic needs such as food and clothing for their children

3. Forcing their children to marry against their wishes,especially at a tender age.

4. Giving their children severe punishment.

Society can be abuse individual rights through.

1. Beating up and killing suspected criminals without giving them a fair trail in a court of law.

2. Abandoning children the streets.

3. Stigmatizing less fortunate member of the society such as the disabled and people living with HIV and AIDS.

Government can be abuse human right through.

1. Making oppressive laws that limits the individual rights.

2. Discriminating against some citizen due to their colour ,gender,religion,or origin.

3. Not including a Bill of Right in the constitution.

4. Not maintaining the rules of law.

Effects of human rights abuse.

1. Conflict among family member and in the community.This leads to unrest and instability in the society.

2. Conflict between citizen and their government.This makes it difficult for the government to enforce law and order.

3. Citizens are unable to perform their duties and responsibility in peace.

4. Increased crime and poverty in the society.

5. Oppression of the less fortunate member in the society,for example ,workers,may be underpaid or the poor may be denied justice in the court of low.

6. Citizen are unable to obtain their needs when the right to work is denied or abuse.

Ways to combat abuse of human rights.

1. The government has to maintain the rule of law.Where the rule of law is not being maintained,eg in countries at war, a lot of human rights abuse are experienced such as the inability to get basic needs.

2. The government should educate its citizens about their basic rights so that they can claim them they are denied.

3. The society has to respect all people, including the sick and the disadvantaged.

4. The courts of law should enforce the law in just manner and punish those who abuse the right of others, such as thieves and murderers.

5. These should be a system of controlling the activities of the government.

6. The government has to be transparent in its operations.

7. All people should be treated fairly and equally before the law.

Read more »

LIFE SKILLS.

LIFE SKILLS.

A skill is the ability that a person to do something well.

Life skills are abilities that a person has to live in the society.

They enable a person to manage his or her life property and make it better.

Life skills also enable a person to know what to do at certain time and what not to do.

These skills include the ability to,
i. Understand one self

ii. Building sound relationship with others.

iii. Survive under difficult circumstances

iv. Act responsible and safe.

v. Solve problems.

TYPES OF LIFE SKILLS.
There are three major types of life skills.

i. Individual life skills

ii. Social skills

iii. Effective decision making skills.

1. INDIVIDUAL LIFE SKILLS.
These skills enable individual to understand themselves in various ways.People are able to understand their strengths and weaknesses,how they think and feel,and how they express their thoughts and feelings.

1. Self –awareness, is ability of an individual to know himself or herself ,his feeling,emotion,strength,weakness.

2. Coping with stress, stress is mental ,emotion or physical tension or pressure it causes by as examination,death,devoice.A personal need to develop skills that will help a person to manager cope with stress.

3. Coping with emotion,emotion is strong feeling suc as fear,love anger,shyness etc.

The ability to cope with different emotion enables a person to control his or her strong feeling and action.

4. Assertiveness, is the ability of a person to know what he or she want and why ,and able to take necessary steps to achieve it.An assertive person able to express his or her opinion.

5. Social skills,is the ability to understand and live in peace and harmony with other.It gives individual knowledge ,an a ability to live according to the standard of the society.Some aspects of social skills are forming health relationship,forming friendship,pear resistance,empathy,negotiation and effective communication.

1. Forming health relationship,
Relationship refers to the way people interact and behave to word each other.Relationship can be between children ,neighbors peers,students,teachers and parents.

2. Forming friendship ,is the ability of an individual to make friends with people who he/she share activities ,ideals, joy and sadness.

3. Peer resistance or peer pressure,is when one friends influence him/her to do something,eg our can influence to work harder in studies or can influence us doing wrong things such drugs taking,running away from school.

4. Empathy, is the ability to understand other people feeling and to feel concerned about their problems .These enable us to share our friend’s problems.

5. Negotiation,is the ability to agree on issue without undermining going against one’s principles it helps when disagreements occur.

6. Effective communication, is the ability of a person to communicate with people according to their mood age back ground.It includes speaking skills means saying what you want can be easily understand,speaking,reading,writing and listening.

3.EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING SKILLS.
These skills enable a person to make good decision ,the following are aspects of effective decision making skills.

1. Critical thinking ,is the ability of a person to develop a deep understanding of something.It helps a person to understand his/her environment,problem in which present he/she has to make decision that might consinder the advantages and disadvantage of doing something.

2. Creative thinking,is the ability to think and come up with new ideas and new ways of doing ,things and creative thinking helps individuals to come up with solutions.That other people hand never though of.

3. Decision making,is the ability to make the best choice out of many available options in life is important of think about consequences before making a decision.

4. Problem solving,is the making choice and acting on it problems solving help individual to make decisions and implement them.

IMPORTANT OF LIFE KILLS.
Life skills are importance for making life better as follows.

· It helps make proper decision in life eg,choosing a friendship ,subject’s etc.

· It develops good behavior ,a person is able to avoid bad things such as smoking drug abuse,sexual relationship ,taking alcohol.

· It increase love and understanding for other people.

· Respond effectively to different situation such divorce,death of relatives and friends,examination pressure,harassment.

· It maintains peace and order Negotiation help people to solve problem peaceful and helps to prevent conflict.

· It helps to understand environment and the way of fitting it.

HOW TO USE SOCIAL SKILLS. Social skills give person knowledge live with others peacefully in the society.We can use social skills in:-

1. Forming relationship with other people,this is enable how to behave in each relationship.

2. Making god fried,good friend are those who:-

Ø Respect and assist us,our parents,relative and elders.

Ø Go to school and respect school rules.

Ø Assist each other when one misbehaves.

3. Showing empathy ,this is the ability to feel what other are going through ,especially when are experiencing problems.

4. Exhibiting peer resistance,a person who has proper social skills is able to resist bad influence from his or her peers and friend

5. Displaying effective communication,proper communication can be used to establish good relationships with other people

6. Problem-solving,this is a social skill that enables a person to make proper decisions in difficult times.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT APPLYING LIFE SKILLS.
· Improper choice in the future careers develop

· Bad behavior,people may develop

· Conflict can occur,example conflict among student in the families due to luck negotiation skills.

· Poverty may occur,due to lack of proper decision making in the society country individuals.

· Poor leadership may occur due to lack communication between citizen and leaders.

· Lack of empathy leader to suffering for these who have problems.

SOURCE OF LIFE SKILLS.
People learn life skills from different source of following:-

1.FAMILY. Parent’s guardians and relatives are the source of life skills.

2. NEIGHBORS, We learn different things from our neighbors.

3. FRIENDS,Friends enable us to acquire various life skills exchanging good idea.

4. SOCIETY,the way people live in the society allow individual to lean

5. SCHOOL,the good education we get from school enables us to develop skills for life different things eg, how to behave

6. REGION, Good religion teaching help teachings help us to get skills that help us to live harmoniously in society.

Read more »