FAMILY LIFE.

FAMILY LIFE.

A family is a group of people who are related by blood ,marriage or adoption.Some of the reasons for getting married or companionship and to get children.

COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.

Courtship is a period during which two people get to know one another before they get married.It also appropriate for the preparation for wedding.Courtship enable the two partner to understand each other and to know each families members.

Marriage is the union of a man and a woman as husband and wife.It is a formal and legal between a man and woman,accompanied a wedding ceremony.

IMPORTANCE OF COURTSHIP

Courtship is importance period before marriage because it helps a couplt to:-

1. Develop self discipline an individual may be disqualified by the family of the pontential husband or wife.

2. Know each other,it gives the two partners an opportunity to know each others feelings,altitudes,expectation and other aspect of life before marriage

3. This helps to avoid unnecessary conflicts in the future.

4. Show evidence of maturity,people who intend to get marriage must be mature enough to take care of the family they are due to start.

5. Acquire property,courtship gives a couple times to acquire some basic requirement of life such house and future.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE

Courtship and marriage are closely related. This relation can be seen in the areas.

1. Courtship is the foundation of a good marriage.

2. The courtship period allows the couple to learn important life skill.Forexample one learner how to love and understand his other partners.

3. The two partners decide to get marriage.

4. A good marriage needs a blessing or parents,relative and neighbors.

EARLY OR PREMATURE MARRIAGE
Is the done under 18 years old. The age for marriage in Tanzania is less than that 15-18 years and above considered to be early or premature marriage.

CUSTOMS AND BELIEF THAT ENCOURAGE EARLY MARRIAGE.
Customs are habits that are passed from one generation to another.They include greetings,punctuality and obedience .

Belief are things that are though to be true by a certain community,different society have their customs and belief about marriage.

The following are some customs and belief that may encourage early marriage.

1. Payment of bride price, the parents of a girl receive bride price in terms of cash,livestock or land,this can encourage early marriage because greedy parents may be tempted to forced the young daughters to be married in order to get wealth.

2. Gender discrimination in education,is where a boy give priority over a girl in terms of education;some parents have the wrong belief that educating a girl is west time and money .This encourages early marriage because girls are forced to drop out school in favor of their brother’s.

3. Traditional initiations, traditional practices such as initiation prepare a girl for marriage.This is encourage early marriage because girls is considered woman who is ready to start her own family.

4. Inheritance ,some communities do not allow a boy to inherit property if is not married.This encourages some boys to enter into marriages as a qualification to inherit property.

5. Lack of education,some parents marry off their young daughters due to ignorance.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY MARRIAGE.
1. Complication during delivery,Early marriage causes material and infant death in the society this is because reproductive organs of the young girl are enough to support matured to a pregnancy deliver safe.The complication arising during pregnancy and labour most often result in death or permanent damage to the girls’ body.

2. Prevention of young women from continuing, some communities young girls are forcefully removed from school to be married.This interfere with their education and future plains.

3. Increase in poverty, most couples that get married at a young age do not have reliable means of getting income it becomes difficult for them to take care of their children.

4. Spread of HIV and AIDS, very young men and women may not be able to make correct decision on mental matters.They are at high risk of being infected with sexually transmitted disease include HIV and AIDS.

5. Break down of families,very young men and women may lack enough experience, knowledge and tolerance as family problems are concerned .They may not know how to settle their difference and sometimes minor problems lead to separation and divorce.

PREVENTION OF EARLY MARRIAGE
1. Education,the society should education on the dangers of early marriage.

2. Basic sociocultural practice, culture practices-societies should abandon on negative social cultural practices such as female circumcision and gender discrimination.

3. Laws, the government should enact strict laws against early marriages and enforce the existing one the existing one to discourage parents from forcing their children to get married at early age.

4. Poverty alleviation,poverty alleviation strategies should be strengthened.This will help preventing the economic hardship which force poor parents marry off their young girl in order to get bridge price.

FOUNDATION OF A STABLE MARRIAGE.
A stable marriage exists where the couple is united under the rules of marriage.A couple supports love and respect each other.

1. Agreement, the two should also agree on what they expect to achieve in the marriage.

2. Love, marriage partners must have affection for each other.Love is an important component of a stable marriage .

3. Trust, the couple must trust each other.

4. Tolerance and understanding, each partner should exercise to tolerance towards,the weakness of the other.It may not always be possible for one fully agree with the action of the other person.

5. Transparency,marriage partner should be open with each other.It is wrong to keep secrets which may danger the marriage.

TYPES OF FAMILIES.
There are three common types of families these are.

1. Nuclear family, this is family which consists of a father, mother and children.

2. Extended family, this is family which consists of a father,mother,children,grandparents,aunts,uncles,nieces,nephews,cousin and other relatives.

3. Single parent family, single families may result from the death of one partner, divorce or getting children.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY.
A family plays an important role in the community.The reasons why the family is important include.

1. To foster co-operation in the society.

2. The bring up children who will be honest,trust worthy and responsible people in the society.

3. Families promote the development of individual members.

4. Good families act as role models in the society children and youth therefore have models they can copy.

5. Families provide the children with opportunities to be hard workers.

6. Children are taught customs of their society.

FAMILY STABILITY.
A stable family is a one in which peace ,respect love and good behavior are observed.

The following factors contribute to family stability.

1. RESPECT This is situation in which members.The children respect parents and people other.

2. LOVE ,this enable family member to help each other.

3. GOOD BEHAVIOR,a family should live in peace avoid conflicts.

IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY STABILITY.
The following are some of the way in which family stability in important.

1. Family member participate on other social and economic activities.

2. Family members are able to participate in communal activities suc as cleaning up market and planting trees.

3. Peace in country begging at the lowest level of the family.

4. Family stability helps members to enjoy in positive habits and activities and reduces incidences of drug abuse or crime.

5. Children from stable families are likely to start own families in future thereby ensuring the continuity of the family as unit.

RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FAMILY MEMBERS.
Right are things one is allowed to do or that one is entered to.In the family as a unity parent have their right and children also have their right some of the right that parents have are:-

1. Making family decision

2. Guiding and advising their children.

3. Being respected by their children.

4. Teaching their children community value.

Children in the family also have family,this right including.

1. Expressing their opinion.

2. Being treated equally without any kind of discrimination.

3. Being registered after birth and being given name

4. Living with their parents

5. Rest and leisure

6. Getting basic and secondary need like food,education and healthcare.

7. To be protected from injury economic exploitation.

RESPONSIBILITIES.
These are duties that a person is obliged some parental responsibilities are:-

1. Making family decision

2. Providing security for the family.

3. Ensuring discipline is maintained by the children.

4. Providing family requirement such as a food,cloth,shelter and education.

5. Taking charge of the day to day activities of the family.

6. Loving and taking care of the children.

7. Arranging and organizing family activities such as cleanliness and preparation of meal.

8. Counseling their to be well behaved.

Responsibilities of children in the family including.
1. Helping with domestic tasks

2. Respecting parents and elders

3. Taking care of their young brother or sister.

4. Obeying their parents and teachers .

5. Going to school to learn.

Consequence of not carrying out responsibilities.
1. Family instability, children can acquire bad habits and create trouble in the family and in the society.

2. Conflicts, frequent misunderstanding may arise between members of the family.

3. Family breakdown, a family break down if there are frequent misunderstand and parents.

4. Street children, in the absence of peace of family requirements children will not stay at home.They will end in the street.

5. Lack of basic need, if parent do not work hard,children cannot get their basic need as well as other needs.

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RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN SHIP

RESPONSIBLE CITIZEN SHIP

What is a citizen?
Is a person who belongs to a particular country.

Ø A citizen has full rights as a member of that a country either by birth or by being granted such right.

Ø A citizen of a country is expected to beyond a patriotic to his or her country.

1. What is citizenship

Ø Is the condition of being a citizen of a certain community with the right and duties that go with suc status .

Ø Is the legal right of a person to be belong to a particular or country.

Types a citizenship
1. Citizen by birth

2. CITIZENSHIP BY DESCENT OR KINSHIP

3. Citizenship by regulation on naturalization

4. Citizenship by birth both parents father and mother or marriage

· Citizenship by birth
This is the types of citizenship by being born in country were both parents of the give person reside.

· Citizenship by descent or kinship
A children who is born in Tanzania and one of his or parent parent is a citizen Tanzani.

Citizenship by registration or naturalization.
A person who born outside of Tanzania one of her or his parents is a citizen of Tanzania.However after aged 18 such a person has to apply to the ministry of home affairs.

Citizenship by marriage.
A foreign woman who marries a citizen of Tanzania may register for citizenship. E or she must make an earth promising to be good citizen and to be loyal to the constitution of the centered republic of Tanzania.

IMPORTANCE OF CITIZENSHIP
The importance of citizenship are as follows:-

1. It enable a person to exercise his or her legal right in the country.

2. It allows a person to participate in civic activities such as voting.

3. It enable a person to get service which are granted to get service which are granted to citizen only.

4. A citizen has the right to participate in the political and economic activities of the country.



RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS.
Are the things a person has to perform as a rule.A citizen has to do certain things in the country in which her or she is a citizen.

A. Personal responsibilities.

1. Takes care of himself or herself

2. Behaves in a civil or respectful manner.

3. Considers the rights and interest of others .

4. Accepts responsibility for his or her action.

5. Supports the family.

B. Political duties or responsibilities.

1. Participate in the country civic affair such as attending political meeting

2. Take part in electrons.

3. Take part in building and consolidation democracy.

4. Help to develop public policy.

5. Advocate favorable policies and legislation

6. Acquire and use information in order to make good decision.

C. Social responsibilities.

1. Protect his or her country from its enemies.

2. Promote fairness,equality and social justice.

3. Respect the right of fellow citizen.

4. Obey the law of the country in order for everyone to live in peace and harmony.

D. Economic responsibilities

1. Pay taxes and other statutory payment to the government.

2. Do lawful productive work.

3. Participate in community development activities.

Advantage of fulfill civic responsibilities.

1. Reduce rate of crimes

2. Create peace,harm and love during political ,social ,economic activities.

3. Right of the people are respected.

4. Good living standard.

5. Development.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZEN TO SPECIAL GROUP
1. What is the special group?
Are people with unusual problems that need special care or treatment in he society .Or
Special groups are all people who phase an experience difficult in their environment.Special groups are groups’ people who are disabled and disadvantage due to their problems their need special attention or care (treatment).

Special groups are unable to solve various problems facing them,these problems in thunder physical biological environmental political and problems.

Example of special groups.
In our society (Tanzania in general ) special groups include.

1. Women

2. The elderly

3. The disable

4. Refugees

5. Orphas

6. Street children

7. HIV ,AIDS victims.

Other special groups including youth and albino.

The women.
This group of people in some communities.They are not given equal opportunities to participate in decease makes in their families or at high level .In some community are not given leadership position.In may cases girls were not allow to go to school the women end up fall into forced marriage,early marriage ,forced prostitution in ritualized wife’s and being rapid.This group oof people need support from the community and easing they enjoy their right.

THE ELDERLY.
These are old people .As people age,they become less energetic and may not be able to work as well as young people.As result they cannot,work effectively and earn their daily living .In addition,some disabilities such as poor eyesight and poor muscle control may be caused by old age.Elderly people therefore need special care.

THE DISABLE
This group includes people with mental disabilities ,those with hearing and speech difficulties the blind and physical disturbance.People with disabilities are to be helped in performing different task in respect to their disabilities and need.

THE REFUGEES.
Are people who flee their countries to go and settle in foreign countries because of insecurity in their home countries.The following are some of the reason for the reason for their forced migration.1. Political 2. Civil war 3. Social conflict 4. Drought or famine 5. Religious conflict 6. Economic problems.

STREET CHILDREN.
This is a group of children who stay on the streets as they have no place to live.This could be as a result of various causes such as poverty,abuse by parents or guardian,death of parents and family break up.Due to these reason the children are forced to live on the street with neither parent nor guardians to take care them.They may also engage themselves in labour and drug peddling.

HIV AIDS VICTIM.
These are people who are infected with human immune defecency virus (HIV).The virus attack the white blood cell that protect the human body from infection and disease.

Responsibilities toward special group.
1. Assisting these people by proving material and financial help.

2. Interacting with them at home and community meeting and allowing to express their opinion and feelings.

3. Showing them respect and understanding.

4. Providing education to all depending on their special needs.

5. Supporting them physically ,for example when they are crossing roads.

6. Providing counseling and socialization.

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HUMAN RIGHTS.

HUMAN RIGHTS.

What is human right?
Are those accepted principle of fairness and justices that all people deserver.Or are individual or group of people against the state..

Are basic things that all human being are entiled to and which nobody should interfere with such as right include right to life ownership of properly,education,marriage etc.

ASPECTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
There are two types of aspects of human rights there are:-
1. Legal rights

2. Moral rights.

LEGAL RIGHTS
Are those rights which are named and defined in the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania and International conversion .

MORAL RIGHTS.
Are those rights which are recognized by a society by way of conscience.They are agreed by a society to be desirable eg. Religious matters.

TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
There are three types oh human rights there are:-
1. Civic and types of human rights there are:-

2. Economic and political rights

3. Environment and development

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS.
· Are these right that very person must enjoy

· The right to life,liberty and security of person

· Freedom from slavery.

· Freedom from torture cruelly in human degrading treatment or punishnment.

· Equality before the low.

· To be tried before competent or skilled lawyer.

· To be considered innocent until proved guilt.

· To be given a fair and public hearing

· Not to be arrested determined or exited an fairly.

· Freedom of movement in his or her country.

· To live any country including his own and to return to it when she/he likes to

· To be protected by the family society and the state.

· To posses property alone

· Freedom of though conscious and religion.

· Freedom to have ones opinions and express one self.

· Freedom to assemble peacefully to associate with other freely.



ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL.
Economically, socially and culturally every person must enjoy the following rights.

· Right to social security and free development of his or her personality.

· The right to work and choose employment

· The right to equal pay for equal work.

· The right to just and favorable remuneration

· The right to form and join trade union.

· The right to form and join trade union

· The right to rest and leisure including reasonable limitation of working hours and period holidays with pay.

· The right to standard of living sufficient for the health and well being ie. Food,clothing,housing,medical care and others.

· The right to education whether born in or out of wedlock to enjoy the some social protection.

· For parents to choose the kind of education shall give to their children.

Environmental and developmental.

Are the rights that people have to live in an environment that is clean and free from pollution.People also have a right to wealth and natural resources ,self –determination and peace.
These

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN OUR SOCIETY.
Human right is the very importance in our society because

1. Are foundations of freedom justice peace and liberty.

2. Limit government powers and action against the people

3. Help people to be aware to take actions against traders who violet their rights.

4. Human right promotes development in their society since it provides equal rights to the people eg right to education.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RIGHTS TO THE PROVISION BASIC NEED.
Human rights relate to many aspects of human life .Among these is the promotion of social services in Tanzania there services are provided by Government and UN.
Example :-
WHO Provides medical services

UNICEF Provides medical services

UNESCO – Provide education

FAO Provide food

WFP Provide food

UNEP (HABITA ) Provided housing living enrolment sanitation

UNIDO Provides various good including clothing.


PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TANZANIA.
Tanzania is a member of UNO promotes both rights and fundamental freedom in the following ways.

1. The constitution is based on the universal declaration of human rights.

2. The right to live guarantees individual person to life no one should take someone life.

3. The right to freedom from slavery,the constitution Tanzania does not allow any form slavery.

4. Freedom from torture or security in human or degrading

5. The right to be recognized everywhere as a person in front of the law.

HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE.
What as human right abuse?

Is the unlawful prevention of a person enjoyment of his or her right as outlined in the constitution.

Example of human rights abuse

· F.G.M Female rights abuse

· Raping of women and children

· Killing of old people due to bad tradition.

· Women beating from her husband.

· Child labour.

· Forced marriage.

· Prohibiting women from inheritance

· Corruption

· Invasion of weak countries by biggers countries.

· Idd Amin Dada vs Tanzania.

FACTORS WHICH CAUSE HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE.
· Negligence of the action

· Ignorance of the society concerned

· Selfishness of some individuals who consider only their interests.

Parents can be abuse the right of their children by:-

1. Denying them education

2. Not providing basic needs such as food and clothing for their children

3. Forcing their children to marry against their wishes,especially at a tender age.

4. Giving their children severe punishment.

Society can be abuse individual rights through.

1. Beating up and killing suspected criminals without giving them a fair trail in a court of law.

2. Abandoning children the streets.

3. Stigmatizing less fortunate member of the society such as the disabled and people living with HIV and AIDS.

Government can be abuse human right through.

1. Making oppressive laws that limits the individual rights.

2. Discriminating against some citizen due to their colour ,gender,religion,or origin.

3. Not including a Bill of Right in the constitution.

4. Not maintaining the rules of law.

Effects of human rights abuse.

1. Conflict among family member and in the community.This leads to unrest and instability in the society.

2. Conflict between citizen and their government.This makes it difficult for the government to enforce law and order.

3. Citizens are unable to perform their duties and responsibility in peace.

4. Increased crime and poverty in the society.

5. Oppression of the less fortunate member in the society,for example ,workers,may be underpaid or the poor may be denied justice in the court of low.

6. Citizen are unable to obtain their needs when the right to work is denied or abuse.

Ways to combat abuse of human rights.

1. The government has to maintain the rule of law.Where the rule of law is not being maintained,eg in countries at war, a lot of human rights abuse are experienced such as the inability to get basic needs.

2. The government should educate its citizens about their basic rights so that they can claim them they are denied.

3. The society has to respect all people, including the sick and the disadvantaged.

4. The courts of law should enforce the law in just manner and punish those who abuse the right of others, such as thieves and murderers.

5. These should be a system of controlling the activities of the government.

6. The government has to be transparent in its operations.

7. All people should be treated fairly and equally before the law.

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LIFE SKILLS.

LIFE SKILLS.

A skill is the ability that a person to do something well.

Life skills are abilities that a person has to live in the society.

They enable a person to manage his or her life property and make it better.

Life skills also enable a person to know what to do at certain time and what not to do.

These skills include the ability to,
i. Understand one self

ii. Building sound relationship with others.

iii. Survive under difficult circumstances

iv. Act responsible and safe.

v. Solve problems.

TYPES OF LIFE SKILLS.
There are three major types of life skills.

i. Individual life skills

ii. Social skills

iii. Effective decision making skills.

1. INDIVIDUAL LIFE SKILLS.
These skills enable individual to understand themselves in various ways.People are able to understand their strengths and weaknesses,how they think and feel,and how they express their thoughts and feelings.

1. Self –awareness, is ability of an individual to know himself or herself ,his feeling,emotion,strength,weakness.

2. Coping with stress, stress is mental ,emotion or physical tension or pressure it causes by as examination,death,devoice.A personal need to develop skills that will help a person to manager cope with stress.

3. Coping with emotion,emotion is strong feeling suc as fear,love anger,shyness etc.

The ability to cope with different emotion enables a person to control his or her strong feeling and action.

4. Assertiveness, is the ability of a person to know what he or she want and why ,and able to take necessary steps to achieve it.An assertive person able to express his or her opinion.

5. Social skills,is the ability to understand and live in peace and harmony with other.It gives individual knowledge ,an a ability to live according to the standard of the society.Some aspects of social skills are forming health relationship,forming friendship,pear resistance,empathy,negotiation and effective communication.

1. Forming health relationship,
Relationship refers to the way people interact and behave to word each other.Relationship can be between children ,neighbors peers,students,teachers and parents.

2. Forming friendship ,is the ability of an individual to make friends with people who he/she share activities ,ideals, joy and sadness.

3. Peer resistance or peer pressure,is when one friends influence him/her to do something,eg our can influence to work harder in studies or can influence us doing wrong things such drugs taking,running away from school.

4. Empathy, is the ability to understand other people feeling and to feel concerned about their problems .These enable us to share our friend’s problems.

5. Negotiation,is the ability to agree on issue without undermining going against one’s principles it helps when disagreements occur.

6. Effective communication, is the ability of a person to communicate with people according to their mood age back ground.It includes speaking skills means saying what you want can be easily understand,speaking,reading,writing and listening.

3.EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING SKILLS.
These skills enable a person to make good decision ,the following are aspects of effective decision making skills.

1. Critical thinking ,is the ability of a person to develop a deep understanding of something.It helps a person to understand his/her environment,problem in which present he/she has to make decision that might consinder the advantages and disadvantage of doing something.

2. Creative thinking,is the ability to think and come up with new ideas and new ways of doing ,things and creative thinking helps individuals to come up with solutions.That other people hand never though of.

3. Decision making,is the ability to make the best choice out of many available options in life is important of think about consequences before making a decision.

4. Problem solving,is the making choice and acting on it problems solving help individual to make decisions and implement them.

IMPORTANT OF LIFE KILLS.
Life skills are importance for making life better as follows.

· It helps make proper decision in life eg,choosing a friendship ,subject’s etc.

· It develops good behavior ,a person is able to avoid bad things such as smoking drug abuse,sexual relationship ,taking alcohol.

· It increase love and understanding for other people.

· Respond effectively to different situation such divorce,death of relatives and friends,examination pressure,harassment.

· It maintains peace and order Negotiation help people to solve problem peaceful and helps to prevent conflict.

· It helps to understand environment and the way of fitting it.

HOW TO USE SOCIAL SKILLS. Social skills give person knowledge live with others peacefully in the society.We can use social skills in:-

1. Forming relationship with other people,this is enable how to behave in each relationship.

2. Making god fried,good friend are those who:-

Ø Respect and assist us,our parents,relative and elders.

Ø Go to school and respect school rules.

Ø Assist each other when one misbehaves.

3. Showing empathy ,this is the ability to feel what other are going through ,especially when are experiencing problems.

4. Exhibiting peer resistance,a person who has proper social skills is able to resist bad influence from his or her peers and friend

5. Displaying effective communication,proper communication can be used to establish good relationships with other people

6. Problem-solving,this is a social skill that enables a person to make proper decisions in difficult times.

CONSEQUENCES OF NOT APPLYING LIFE SKILLS.
· Improper choice in the future careers develop

· Bad behavior,people may develop

· Conflict can occur,example conflict among student in the families due to luck negotiation skills.

· Poverty may occur,due to lack of proper decision making in the society country individuals.

· Poor leadership may occur due to lack communication between citizen and leaders.

· Lack of empathy leader to suffering for these who have problems.

SOURCE OF LIFE SKILLS.
People learn life skills from different source of following:-

1.FAMILY. Parent’s guardians and relatives are the source of life skills.

2. NEIGHBORS, We learn different things from our neighbors.

3. FRIENDS,Friends enable us to acquire various life skills exchanging good idea.

4. SOCIETY,the way people live in the society allow individual to lean

5. SCHOOL,the good education we get from school enables us to develop skills for life different things eg, how to behave

6. REGION, Good religion teaching help teachings help us to get skills that help us to live harmoniously in society.

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INTRODUCTION TO CIVICS

INTRODUCTION TO CIVICS

What is civics?
Civics is the study of human rights and responsibilities of citizen, the governance and environment in which our society is found.

In civics we study about.
· The environment in which we live in.

· Governance and government.

· Human rights and responsibilities of citizen.

· Social cultural and economic development.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CIVICS.
1. To understand human rights eg. Rights to life assoate with worship.

2. To understand duties and responsibilities of citizens.

3. To understand environment in which we live in.

4. To promote peace and security in our society.

5. To understand and up hold our culture.

6. To establish good relationship and respect.



Exercise.

1. What is civics?

2. Mention five importance of studying civics.?

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OUR NATION.

OUR NATION.

Definition and concept of a nation when two people of different sex get together as husband and wife they form a family.
A family is a social group people who are closely related to each other which comprise father,mother,children and sometimes close relatives like uncles.aunts etc.
A clan is a combination of various families.
A tribe is a group of different clans whose people of the same culture history and language barrier
Therefore the combinations of several tribes make up the population of nation.
A nation,is a large group or community of people living in a defined geographical area sharing common history culture and language under government eg.Tanzania,Uganda,Kenya,Malawi and Zimbabwe component of the nation.

There are seven main components that make nation.These components are
· Country
· Sovereignty
· Government
· People
· Language
· Culture and history.


A country is an area of land that boundaries and is under the control of a government,sovereignty is the freedom that a country has governed itself .This means that there is no external power that controls that country.eg Tanzania.

There two types of sovereignty.
1. Internal sovereignity,this ia where a country has the power to supervise all its internal affars.Tanganyika becomes a sovereignty state on 9th December 1961 and Zanzibar got its sovereignty on 10th December 1963.
2. External sovereignty,this is where a country has the freedom to form its governing policy and foreign policy.


Tanzania is a sovereignty state.It as both internal and external sovereignty.
3. Government ;refers to the selected or elected group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or state.In other words,the government is the body of people which administers the state and maintains and order.The government has power and authority to control and direct people ‘s activities within its rerritory.
In Tanzania we use the republic system of government.This means that the country is headed by a president and political leaders elected by the people.

4. People, refers to the person who belongs to particular country.In 2012 the population of Tanzania was estimated to be 47,445,392 people .The Tanzania people have their own central government national language common culture and history.The people in a nation must live peacefully .Solve their problems and develop their nation.


5. Language,is the system of communication mostly in speech and writing that is used by the people of a particular society.Tanzania has more than 130 tribes that speak their tribal Language but the national language is Swahili.A national language suc as Swahili.


6. Culture ,refer to the customs and beliefs of a particular group of peole.It also includes the people’s art way of life and social organization.


7. History,refers to the past events that occurred in the development of a nation.Tanzania as a nation has a long history that includes events from pre colonial and post –colonial times.


NATIONAL SYMBOLS.
National symbols are sign are which represents a nation.

These are very important as they serve as are reminder of our national hood to us and to the rest of the world.These include the National Anthem.The national flag,the coat of Arms ,the uhuru torch constitution ,presidential standards and national currency.


1. THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
The national anthem is the official song of the nation.It is played or sung on special occasions suc as :-

1. Before the president address the nation and after the address.

2. When the president inspects the guard.

3. At the opening of internal events eg. Football matches.

4. When the president or president visit another country.

5. On the announcement of the death of president/vice president.

6. When the national flag is being hoisted.

Importance of National Anthem.
1. It is symbol of our nationality and frredom.

2. A unifying tool for Tanzania.

3. It makes citizens feel proud of their country.

4. It is identity for internal recognition.

5. It expresses a sense of belonging to Tanzania and African.

The national Anthem of Tanzania

1. Mungu ibariki Africa
Wabariki viongozi wake.
Hekima umoja na amani
Hizi ni ngao zetu
African na watu wake
Ibariki A-frica
Ibariki A-frica
Tubariki watoto wa Africa

2. Mungu ibariki Tanzania
Dumushan uhuru na umoja
Wake kwa waume na watoto
Mungu ibariki
Tanzania na watu wake
Ibariki Tanzania
Ibariki Tanzania
Tubariki watoto wa Tanzania


2.THE NATIONAL FLAG
Flag is a piece of cloth with a special coloured design. National flag of Tanganyikawas hoisted for the first time on 9th Dec 1961 and that of the united Republic of Tanzania was hoisted for the first time on 26th April 1964 when Tanganyika and Zanzibar united to form Tanzania.The main function of a national flag is to show that Tanzania is a complete independent and sovereign state.The national flag has four different colours which are black,green ,blue,and yellow.


1. BLACK; Represents the skin colour of the African who are the indigenous of Tanzania

2. YELLOW;Represents thenatural wealth of Tanzania like minerals and national parks.

3. BLUE;Stands for the part of India Ocean and other water bodies found in Tanzania.

4. GREEN;Represents land vegetation of Tanzania.


Importance of National flag.
1. It is symbol for freedom and unity of the people.

2. It is state symbol for the country and its citizens.

3. A symbol for nationality of Tanzania

4. Sometimes represents misfortune like death of state leader or many people at once and it is hoisted half most.


3. THE COAT OF ARM/NATIONAL EMBLEM.
The coat of Arm is a government longoar emblem which comprises many different colours and land make of the nation of Tanzania .It is the official stamp of the government.

Coat of Arm has 12 components.

1. Two human figures;man and woman represent people of Tanzania.The two figure symbolize cooperation between men and women in bringing development.

2. National flag;the flag as a symbol of national freedom.

3. Uhuru Torch; the torch represents national freedom and prosperity.

4. Crossed axe and hoe;these represent the tools which Tanzania used to develop their county.

5. Elephant tusks;as symbol for national resources (plant and animal/wildlife).

6. Shield and spear,as symbol for tradition weapons of defence.

7. Sea waves;represent parts of water bodies such as Ocean ,river,lake of Tanzania.

8. Cloves and cotton ,stands for cash crops produced in Tanzania.

9. The inscription UHURU NA UMOJA ,This means freedom and unity,it is the national moto of the United Republic of Tanzania.

10. Peak of mount Kilimanjaro,this mount is a source of pride for Tanzania

11. Golden band on the upper part of the shied,represent the mineral wealth of the country.

12. Red band on the shied;represent fertile red soil in Tanzania.


Importance of Coat of Arm.
The Tanzania coat of arm plays the important role because it functions as:
1. National symbol for Tanzania as a state.

2. It symbolizes state political and economical bases.

3. It symbolizes our national culture and history.

4. A seal of the president and government.

5. A symbol of state sovereignty freedom and unity of the people.





THE UHURU TORCH
Is commonly know as the independence touch.Introduce for the first time by president of Tanzania M.J Kambarage Nyerere to symbolize freedom unity,love ,dignity,solidarity,and hope.

It was first lit top of mount Kilimanjaro at mid night on 9th December . Thos was the day when Tanganyika got independence from Britain.Every years there is the Uhuru Torch.Torch races.The race starts and ends at different important points in the country.The Torch causes positive social political and economic message

Significance of the Uhuru Torch.
1. It symbolizes freedom and light.

2. It promotes unity in the country.

3. It promotes peace dignity respect and hope among Tanzania.


5.NATIONAL CONSTITUTION.
A Constitution is the system of laws and basic principles by which the national is governed .Our country is ruled according to the constitution written 1977 since then it has been undergoing some amendments to suit the contemporary changes.

Important of National Constitution.
1. It is the basic law from which other laws are created.

2. It describes form and content of Tanganyika government.

3. The government rules by the will of the people through the constitution.

4. It describes clearly the relationship between citizens and state leaders.

5. It shows the structure of the state organs.

6. It states clearly the distributions of power among the state organs.

7. It promotes human right.


6. NATIONAL CURRENCY
Currency is the system of money that a country uses. The Tanzania national currency is shillings .The value of shilling always appears as coin/notes.Currency is also called Money.Money is used for measuring value trading and paying for goods and services in a country .It is also use a means of setting debts.

Importance of national currency.
1. It id used in buying and selling (Trade transaction).

2. It is used to measure value.

3. It is identity of nationality and freedom

4. It is a mean of setting debts.

7. THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE.
This is the language spoken by all people national country.
The national language of Tanzania is Kiswahili.

8. NATIONAL FESTIVAL DAYS IN TANZANIA.
National festiva are days when celebrate importance national ational events most offices and business are normally closed on such day.During these days people remember important historical events which have taken place in the development of the national.

NATIONAL DAYS
Are often categorized into two categories group which arre;
1. Civic national festival and holiday.

2. Religion national festival.

CIVIC NATIONAL FESTIVAL HOLIDAYS.
1. Independence day-fall on 9th December each years = =

2. Union day-fall on 26th April each year.

3. Zanzibar Revolution –fall on 12th January each year.

4. NANE NANE DAY-FALL ON 8 August each year.

5. Mayday (workers day)fall on 1st may each year.

6. Sabasaba day –fall on 7th July each year

7. Nyerere day-fall on 14th October each year

8. Karume day –fall on 7th April each year

9. New year day-fall on every 1st January.


RELIGIOUS NATIONAL HOLIDAY AND FESTIVALS.

1. Christmas day-fall on 25 December each year.

2. Boxing day-fall on 26December each year.

3. Good Friday – and Easter Monday holiday-depends on the Christmas calendar.

4. Eid –el-Firtri and Eid-el haj pilgrimage to Mecca depends on the sight of the according to Muslim.

5. Mauled day-according to Islamic calendar

SIGNIFICANCE OF NATIONAL FESTIVAL AND PUBLIC HOLIDAYS.
1. Keeps a history of our country a live.

2. Leaders pass importance information to the public during these days.

3. Provide an opportunity for citizen to meet and share day.

4. These days promotes unity among Tanzania.

5. Provide an opportunity to identify problems in the society through speeches.

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